diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3978302..282aa4a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -726,7 +726,13 @@ Règles modélisées :
     raison de `ChargeResult` verbatim (`no_line_of_effect` / `no_charge_path`)
     ou `no_weapon` si aucune arme de mêlée utilisable).
   - Top-level : round, acting_combatant, combatants, pairs, terrain, elevation,
-    threatened (grille bool des cases menacées par les ennemis),
+    threatened (grille bool des cases menacées au contact par les ennemis —
+    AoO), ranged_threatened (U6d : grille bool des cases sous tir ennemi à
+    distance — champ de tir des armes à distance utilisables des ennemis
+    actifs (portée maximale + ligne d'effet, bornée à la carte) ; les armes à
+    distance ne menacent pas pour les AoO en PF1e : c'est une carte de champ
+    de tir, pas une menace d'AoO ; la grille `threatened` de mêlée reste
+    inchangée),
     initiative_order (U2 : tuple d'ids dans l'ordre d'initiative du round
     courant — le premier est le prochain à agir ; les invocations héritent de la
     case de leur conjurateur),
diff --git a/src/pf1e_simulator/combat.py b/src/pf1e_simulator/combat.py
index b639bef..1d7e32b 100644
--- a/src/pf1e_simulator/combat.py
+++ b/src/pf1e_simulator/combat.py
@@ -507,7 +507,14 @@ class Observation:
     width boolean grid whose cells are True when threatened by at least one
     ENEMY of the acting combatant (active, opposite side, with a melee
     weapon); the union is bounded to the grid — out-of-grid threatened cells
-    are dropped. ``terrain_semantics`` is one dict per distinct terrain type
+    are dropped. ``ranged_threatened`` is a height x width boolean grid whose
+    cells are True when under enemy RANGED fire: reachable within a usable
+    ranged-style weapon (``ranged``, or ``touch`` with a range increment) of
+    an active enemy of the acting combatant, with a line of effect from that
+    enemy's occupied cells; bounded to the grid. PF1e ranged weapons do NOT
+    threaten for attacks of opportunity — this is a tactical field-of-fire
+    map, not an AoO threat, and it leaves ``threatened`` untouched.
+    ``terrain_semantics`` is one dict per distinct terrain type
     on the map (sorted by type for determinism), carrying
     ``{type, move_cost, blocks_los, cover}`` — derived from
     ``grid.terrain_at((r, c))`` over the entire map (the Grid does not expose
@@ -523,6 +530,7 @@ class Observation:
     terrain: tuple[tuple[str | None, ...], ...]
     elevation: tuple[tuple[int, ...], ...]
     threatened: tuple[tuple[bool, ...], ...] = ()
+    ranged_threatened: tuple[tuple[bool, ...], ...] = ()
     terrain_semantics: tuple[dict[str, object], ...] = ()
     condition_definitions: tuple[tuple[str, dict[str, object]], ...] = ()
     initiative_order: tuple[str, ...] = ()
@@ -537,6 +545,7 @@ class Observation:
             "terrain": self.terrain,
             "elevation": self.elevation,
             "threatened": self.threatened,
+            "ranged_threatened": self.ranged_threatened,
             "terrain_semantics": self.terrain_semantics,
             "condition_definitions": self.condition_definitions,
             "initiative_order": self.initiative_order,
@@ -839,6 +848,7 @@ class CombatEngine:
         else:
             elevation = ()
         threatened = self._threat_grid(state)
+        ranged_threatened = self._ranged_threat_grid(state)
         terrain_semantics = self._terrain_semantics()
         condition_definitions = tuple(
             (name, _condition_definition_dict(cond))
@@ -855,6 +865,7 @@ class CombatEngine:
             terrain=terrain,
             elevation=elevation,
             threatened=threatened,
+            ranged_threatened=ranged_threatened,
             terrain_semantics=terrain_semantics,
             condition_definitions=condition_definitions,
             initiative_order=initiative_order,
@@ -884,6 +895,74 @@ class CombatEngine:
             for r in range(self._grid.height)
         )
 
+    def _ranged_threat_grid(self, state: CombatantState) -> tuple[tuple[bool, ...], ...]:
+        """Build the height x width bool grid of cells under enemy ranged fire.
+
+        Sibling of ``_threat_grid`` for RANGED weapons: the union over every
+        active enemy ``e`` of ``state`` (opposite side) of the cells each of
+        e's usable ranged-style weapons can reach (see
+        ``_cell_under_ranged_fire``). Bounded to the grid. Read-only, no RNG.
+        PF1e ranged weapons grant no attacks of opportunity — this is a
+        tactical field-of-fire map, not an AoO threat; the melee
+        ``threatened`` grid is unchanged by it.
+        """
+        covered = self._ranged_covered_cells(state)
+        return tuple(
+            tuple((r, c) in covered for c in range(self._grid.width))
+            for r in range(self._grid.height)
+        )
+
+    def _ranged_covered_cells(self, state: CombatantState) -> set[Pos]:
+        """Cells covered by any usable ranged-style weapon of state's enemies."""
+        covered: set[Pos] = set()
+        for enemy in self._states:
+            if enemy is state or not enemy.active or enemy.side == state.side:
+                continue
+            weapons = [w for w in enemy.usable_attacks() if self._is_ranged_attack(w)]
+            if not weapons:
+                continue
+            occupied = enemy.occupied_cells()
+            for r in range(self._grid.height):
+                for c in range(self._grid.width):
+                    cell = (r, c)
+                    if cell not in covered and self._cell_under_ranged_fire(
+                        occupied, cell, weapons
+                    ):
+                        covered.add(cell)
+        return covered
+
+    def _cell_under_ranged_fire(
+        self,
+        occupied: frozenset[Pos],
+        cell: Pos,
+        weapons: list[AttackSpec],
+    ) -> bool:
+        """True if some ranged weapon in ``weapons`` reaches ``cell`` with LoE.
+
+        Reach uses the same maximum-range rule as ``_weapon_usable_against``:
+        ``range_increment_ft`` x 10 increments (x 5 for touch), measured from
+        the shooter's closest occupied cell under the 5-10-5 rule; the line of
+        effect runs from the shooter's footprint to the bare cell.
+        """
+        dist_ft = (
+            min(self._grid.distance(from_cell, cell) for from_cell in occupied)
+            * _SQUARE_FT
+        )
+        for weapon in weapons:
+            increment = weapon.range_increment_ft
+            if increment is None:
+                continue
+            max_increments = (
+                _MAX_TOUCH_RANGE_INCREMENTS
+                if weapon.kind == "touch"
+                else _MAX_RANGE_INCREMENTS
+            )
+            if dist_ft > increment * max_increments:
+                continue
+            if has_line_of_effect_cells(self._grid, occupied, frozenset({cell})):
+                return True
+        return False
+
     def _terrain_semantics(self) -> tuple[dict[str, object], ...]:
         """One dict per distinct ``TerrainType`` on the map (sorted by type).
 
diff --git a/tests/test_observation_enriched.py b/tests/test_observation_enriched.py
index 5a81a50..938bc61 100644
--- a/tests/test_observation_enriched.py
+++ b/tests/test_observation_enriched.py
@@ -1042,8 +1042,9 @@ def test_observation_enriched_e5_existing_keys_preserved() -> None:
     """Given: an Observation built for the L5 fields
     When: the top-level dict is inspected
     Then: all pre-existing top-level keys remain (round, acting_combatant,
-    combatants, pairs, terrain, elevation) and the two new keys
-    (threatened, terrain_semantics) are added — exact key set."""
+    combatants, pairs, terrain, elevation) and the new keys
+    (threatened, ranged_threatened, terrain_semantics,
+    condition_definitions, initiative_order) are added — exact key set."""
     hero = make_combatant("hero")
     foe = make_combatant("foe")
     hero_state = make_state(hero, "players", (0, 0))
@@ -1059,6 +1060,7 @@ def test_observation_enriched_e5_existing_keys_preserved() -> None:
         "terrain",
         "elevation",
         "threatened",
+        "ranged_threatened",
         "terrain_semantics",
         "condition_definitions",
         "initiative_order",
diff --git a/tests/test_ranged_threat.py b/tests/test_ranged_threat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d605ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_ranged_threat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+"""U6d: top-level ``ranged_threatened`` grid in the Observation snapshot.
+
+The snapshot gains one additive top-level key: a height x width boolean grid
+marking each cell that is under enemy RANGED fire — reachable within a usable
+ranged-style weapon (``ranged``, or ``touch`` with a range increment) of an
+active enemy of the acting combatant (max range = increment x 10 increments,
+x 5 for touch, same rule as ``_weapon_usable_against``) with a line of effect
+from that enemy's occupied cells, bounded to the grid. PF1e ranged weapons do
+NOT threaten for attacks of opportunity: this is a tactical field-of-fire map,
+and the melee ``threatened`` grid is untouched by it.
+
+Covers:
+- (a) an enemy with a ranged weapon marks cells within range with LoE;
+- (b) cells beyond the weapon's maximum range are not marked;
+- (c) a wall blocking line of effect prevents marking;
+- (d) no active ranged enemy -> all-False grid;
+- (e) a touch weapon uses the 5-increment touch cap (and melee touch, without
+  a range increment, marks nothing);
+- (f) ``to_dict()`` stays JSON-serializable with the new key;
+- (g) the melee ``threatened`` grid is unchanged by a ranged enemy.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import Literal
+
+from pf1e_simulator.combat import CombatantState, CombatEngine
+from pf1e_simulator.dice import parse_dice
+from pf1e_simulator.grid import Grid
+from pf1e_simulator.map import MapSpec, TerrainType
+from pf1e_simulator.models import (
+    AbilityScores,
+    ACProfile,
+    AttackSpec,
+    Combatant,
+    DamageComponent,
+    Saves,
+)
+from pf1e_simulator.rng import ScriptedRng
+from tests.test_observation_enriched import _snapshot, make_state
+
+_LEGEND = {
+    ".": TerrainType(type="floor", move_cost=1),
+    "#": TerrainType(type="wall", move_cost=None, blocks_los=True),
+}
+
+
+def _grid(rows: list[str]) -> Grid:
+    spec = MapSpec(name="ranged-threat-test", terrain=tuple(rows), legend=_LEGEND)
+    return Grid.from_spec(spec)
+
+
+def _open_rows(size: int = 8) -> list[str]:
+    return ["." * size] * size
+
+
+def _engine(states: list[CombatantState], rows: list[str]) -> CombatEngine:
+    return CombatEngine(ScriptedRng([]), _grid(rows), states)
+
+
+def _ranged_weapon(
+    cid: str, kind: Literal["ranged", "touch"], increment_ft: int | None
+) -> AttackSpec:
+    return AttackSpec(
+        id=f"{cid}-w",
+        name="short bow" if kind == "ranged" else "dagger",
+        kind=kind,
+        attack_bonus=5,
+        damage=[DamageComponent(formula=parse_dice("1d6"), types=["piercing"])],
+        range_increment_ft=increment_ft,
+    )
+
+
+def _sword(cid: str) -> AttackSpec:
+    return AttackSpec(
+        id=f"{cid}-w",
+        name="short sword",
+        kind="melee",
+        attack_bonus=5,
+        damage=[DamageComponent(formula=parse_dice("1d6"), types=["slashing"])],
+    )
+
+
+def _combatant(cid: str, attack: AttackSpec) -> Combatant:
+    return Combatant(
+        id=cid,
+        name=cid,
+        level=1,
+        abilities=AbilityScores(
+            str_score=10,
+            dex_score=10,
+            con_score=10,
+            int_score=10,
+            wis_score=10,
+            cha_score=10,
+        ),
+        ac=ACProfile(total=10, touch=10, flat_footed=10),
+        bab=1,
+        initiative_mod=0,
+        speed_land_ft=30,
+        hp_max=100,
+        saves=Saves(fort=0, ref=0, will=0),
+        attacks=[attack],
+    )
+
+
+def _squares(a: tuple[int, int], b: tuple[int, int]) -> int:
+    """Independent 5-10-5 distance in squares (max + min // 2)."""
+    d_row = abs(a[0] - b[0])
+    d_col = abs(a[1] - b[1])
+    return max(d_row, d_col) + min(d_row, d_col) // 2
+
+
+# (a) + (b) range coverage: a 5-ft-increment bow (max 10 x 5 = 50 ft = 10
+# squares) fired from (0, 0) on a 12x12 open grid marks exactly the cells at
+# 5-10-5 distance <= 10 — and nothing beyond.
+
+
+def test_ranged_threat_marks_cells_within_range() -> None:
+    """Given: an archer at (0, 0) with a 5-ft-increment ranged weapon
+    When: the Observation is built for the melee actor at (6, 6)
+    Then: every cell at 5-10-5 distance <= 10 squares (50 ft) from the archer
+    is marked, every farther cell is not; the grid is height x width."""
+    archer = make_state(
+        _combatant("archer", _ranged_weapon("archer", "ranged", 5)), "monsters", (0, 0)
+    )
+    hero = make_state(_combatant("hero", _sword("hero")), "players", (6, 6))
+    engine = _engine([hero, archer], _open_rows(12))
+
+    obs = _snapshot(engine, hero)
+    grid = obs["ranged_threatened"]
+    assert len(grid) == 12
+    assert all(len(row) == 12 for row in grid)
+    for r in range(12):
+        for c in range(12):
+            expected = _squares((0, 0), (r, c)) <= 10
+            assert grid[r][c] is expected, f"cell {(r, c)}: expected {expected}"
+    # Spot checks: the archer's own square is under its own field of fire
+    # (a shooter can target a square it occupies), the boundary at exactly
+    # 50 ft is in, the next square out is not.
+    assert grid[0][0] is True
+    assert grid[1][10] is True
+    assert grid[2][10] is False
+    assert grid[11][11] is False
+
+
+# (c) line of effect: a full wall row between the archer and the far side
+# prevents marking even though every cell is well within range.
+
+
+def test_ranged_threat_wall_blocks_line_of_effect() -> None:
+    """Given: an archer at (0, 0) and a wall row at r=3 across the whole map
+    When: the Observation is built for an actor behind the wall
+    Then: near-side cells are marked, far-side cells are not (no LoE), while
+    the melee threat grid semantics stay out of scope here."""
+    rows = _open_rows()
+    rows[3] = "#" * 8
+    archer = make_state(
+        _combatant("archer", _ranged_weapon("archer", "ranged", 60)), "monsters", (0, 0)
+    )
+    hero = make_state(_combatant("hero", _sword("hero")), "players", (7, 0))
+    engine = _engine([hero, archer], rows)
+
+    grid = _snapshot(engine, hero)["ranged_threatened"]
+    # Near side (rows 0..2): within 600 ft and open line of effect.
+    assert grid[0][0] is True
+    assert grid[2][2] is True
+    assert grid[0][7] is True
+    # Far side (rows 4..7): the wall row blocks every corner line.
+    assert grid[4][0] is False
+    assert grid[5][0] is False
+    assert grid[7][7] is False
+
+
+# (d) no ranged enemy: a melee-only enemy and an inactive archer both leave
+# the grid all-False.
+
+
+def test_ranged_threat_empty_without_ranged_enemies() -> None:
+    """Given: one melee-only enemy and one dead (inactive) archer
+    When: the Observation is built for the actor
+    Then: ranged_threatened is a full False grid (inactive enemies are
+    ignored; melee weapons are out of scope)."""
+    melee_foe = make_state(_combatant("brute", _sword("brute")), "monsters", (7, 7))
+    archer = make_state(
+        _combatant("archer", _ranged_weapon("archer", "ranged", 60)), "monsters", (0, 0)
+    )
+    archer.hp = 0  # inactive: hp <= 0
+    hero = make_state(_combatant("hero", _sword("hero")), "players", (4, 4))
+    engine = _engine([hero, melee_foe, archer], _open_rows())
+
+    grid = _snapshot(engine, hero)["ranged_threatened"]
+    assert len(grid) == 8
+    for row in grid:
+        assert all(cell is False for cell in row)
+
+
+# (e) touch cap: a thrown touch weapon reaches 5 increments, not 10; a melee
+# touch (no range increment) is not ranged-style and marks nothing.
+
+
+def test_ranged_threat_touch_uses_touch_increment_cap() -> None:
+    """Given: a thrower at (0, 0) with a 10-ft-increment touch weapon
+    When: the Observation is built on a 12x12 grid
+    Then: coverage stops at 5 increments (50 ft = 10 squares) — the cell at
+    11 squares is NOT marked, unlike the same weapon as kind ranged (10
+    increments = 100 ft); a melee touch weapon marks nothing."""
+    thrower = make_state(
+        _combatant("thrower", _ranged_weapon("thrower", "touch", 10)), "monsters", (0, 0)
+    )
+    hero = make_state(_combatant("hero", _sword("hero")), "players", (6, 6))
+    engine = _engine([hero, thrower], _open_rows(12))
+
+    grid = _snapshot(engine, hero)["ranged_threatened"]
+    assert grid[1][10] is True  # 10 squares = 50 ft, exactly at the cap
+    assert grid[2][10] is False  # 11 squares = 55 ft, beyond 5 increments
+
+    shooter = make_state(
+        _combatant("thrower", _ranged_weapon("thrower", "ranged", 10)), "monsters", (0, 0)
+    )
+    engine2 = _engine([hero, shooter], _open_rows(12))
+    grid2 = _snapshot(engine2, hero)["ranged_threatened"]
+    assert grid2[2][10] is True  # ranged gets 10 increments = 100 ft
+    assert grid2[11][11] is True  # 16 squares = 80 ft, still in range
+
+    melee_touch = make_state(
+        _combatant("lich", _ranged_weapon("lich", "touch", None)), "monsters", (0, 0)
+    )
+    engine3 = _engine([hero, melee_touch], _open_rows(12))
+    grid3 = _snapshot(engine3, hero)["ranged_threatened"]
+    assert all(cell is False for row in grid3 for cell in row)
+
+
+# (f) the new key is JSON-serializable like the rest of the snapshot.
+
+
+def test_ranged_threat_to_dict_json_serializable() -> None:
+    """Given: a snapshot taken while an enemy archer covers the map
+    When: to_dict() is serialized to JSON
+    Then: ranged_threatened is present, round-trips, and holds plain bools."""
+    archer = make_state(
+        _combatant("archer", _ranged_weapon("archer", "ranged", 60)), "monsters", (0, 0)
+    )
+    hero = make_state(_combatant("hero", _sword("hero")), "players", (4, 4))
+    engine = _engine([hero, archer], _open_rows())
+
+    obs = _snapshot(engine, hero)
+    assert "ranged_threatened" in obs
+    round_tripped = json.loads(json.dumps(obs))
+    assert round_tripped["ranged_threatened"] == [
+        list(row) for row in obs["ranged_threatened"]
+    ]
+    assert all(isinstance(cell, bool) for row in obs["ranged_threatened"] for cell in row)
+
+
+# (g) the melee threat grid is untouched: adding a ranged-only enemy changes
+# only ranged_threatened, never threatened.
+
+
+def test_ranged_threat_melee_grid_unchanged() -> None:
+    """Given: a knight (melee) and an archer (ranged) as enemies of the actor
+    When: the Observation is built with and without the archer
+    Then: the threatened grids are identical (the archer adds no melee threat,
+    the knight's disk is unchanged) while ranged_threatened differs."""
+    knight = make_state(_combatant("knight", _sword("knight")), "monsters", (7, 7))
+    hero = make_state(_combatant("hero", _sword("hero")), "players", (4, 4))
+    archer = make_state(
+        _combatant("archer", _ranged_weapon("archer", "ranged", 60)), "monsters", (0, 0)
+    )
+
+    with_archer = _snapshot(_engine([hero, knight, archer], _open_rows()), hero)
+    without_archer = _snapshot(_engine([hero, knight], _open_rows()), hero)
+
+    assert with_archer["threatened"] == without_archer["threatened"]
+    melee = with_archer["threatened"]
+    # The knight's 1-cell melee disk, and nothing from the archer's field.
+    assert melee[6][6] is True
+    assert melee[7][7] is False  # own square is never threatened
+    assert melee[0][0] is False
+    assert without_archer["ranged_threatened"] == tuple(
+        tuple(False for _ in range(8)) for _ in range(8)
+    )
+    assert with_archer["ranged_threatened"][0][0] is True