diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 009632c..fd0d7f3 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ dependencies = [
     "pyyaml",
 ]
 
+[project.scripts]
+pf1e-sim = "pf1e_simulator.cli:main"
+
 [build-system]
 requires = ["hatchling"]
 build-backend = "hatchling.build"
@@ -38,6 +41,8 @@ ignore = [
     # CPY001: missing copyright notice — we don't use copyright headers
     "CPY001",
 ]
+# RUF001: sigma in the CLI balance report is intentional, not a confusable
+allowed-confusables = ["σ"]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
 # Tests: assert is expected, magic numbers are fine, annotations are noisy,
@@ -45,6 +50,8 @@ ignore = [
 "tests/**" = ["S101", "PLR2004", "ANN", "PLR0913", "PLR0917"]
 # rng.py: `random.Random` is used for reproducible Monte Carlo streams, not cryptography
 "src/pf1e_simulator/rng.py" = ["S311"]
+# cli.py: stdout printing is the point of a CLI
+"src/pf1e_simulator/cli.py" = ["T201"]
 
 # ── Basedpyright ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 [tool.basedpyright]
diff --git a/src/pf1e_simulator/cli.py b/src/pf1e_simulator/cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7195021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pf1e_simulator/cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+"""Command-line balance simulator: load a map and sides, run Monte Carlo, report.
+
+Usage: pf1e-sim --map MAP.yaml --side NAME FILE.json [FILE.json ...] [--runs N]
+
+Side names must match the map's `deployment` section (zone letters). Each side
+may repeat the same monster JSON file; the runner disambiguates the ids.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pf1e_simulator.runner import EncounterReport, EncounterSpec
+
+from pf1e_simulator.loaders import MonsterLoadError, SheetLoadError, load_monster
+from pf1e_simulator.map import MapValidationError, load_map
+from pf1e_simulator.runner import EncounterSpec, Side, run_encounter
+
+
+class CliError(Exception):
+    """User-facing CLI error (bad arguments or unusable files)."""
+
+
+def _build_spec(args: argparse.Namespace) -> EncounterSpec:
+    map_spec = load_map(args.map)
+    provided = [tuple(raw) for raw in args.side]
+    provided_names = {raw[0] for raw in provided}
+    missing = sorted(set(map_spec.deployment) - provided_names)
+    if missing:
+        msg = f"sides in map deployment without --side: {', '.join(missing)}"
+        raise CliError(msg)
+    unknown = sorted(provided_names - set(map_spec.deployment))
+    if unknown:
+        msg = f"--side names not in map deployment: {', '.join(unknown)}"
+        raise CliError(msg)
+    sides: list[Side] = []
+    for raw in provided:
+        name = raw[0]
+        files = raw[1:]
+        if not files:
+            msg = f"side {name!r}: at least one monster JSON file is required"
+            raise CliError(msg)
+        combatants = tuple(load_monster(Path(path)) for path in files)
+        sides.append(Side(name=name, combatants=combatants, zone=map_spec.deployment[name]))
+    return EncounterSpec(map=map_spec, sides=tuple(sides), round_cap=args.round_cap)
+
+
+def format_report(report: EncounterReport, spec: EncounterSpec) -> str:
+    """Render a human-readable French balance report."""
+    lines = ["=== Rapport d'équilibrage ===", f"Carte : {spec.map.name}"]
+    lines.extend(f"{side.name} : {len(side.combatants)} combatants" for side in spec.sides)
+    lines.append(
+        f"{report.runs} combats simulés (seed {report.seed}, plafond {spec.round_cap} rounds)"
+    )
+    lines.append("")
+    for side in spec.sides:
+        wins = report.wins.get(side.name, 0)
+        rate = report.win_rate(side.name)
+        low, high = report.win_rate_band(side.name)
+        lines.append(
+            f"Victoires {side.name} : {rate:.1%} ({wins}) — "
+            f"bande 3σ : [{low:.1%}, {high:.1%}]"
+        )
+    lines.append(f"Nuls : {report.draws / report.runs:.1%} ({report.draws})")
+    lines.append(f"Rounds moyens : {report.avg_rounds:.1f}")
+    lines.append("")
+    lines.append("Attrition moyenne par combatant :")
+    lines.extend(
+        f"  {cid} : {attrition.hits:.2f} touches · {attrition.crits:.2f} critiques · "
+        f"{attrition.damage_dealt:.2f} dégâts infligés · {attrition.damage_taken:.2f} subis"
+        for cid, attrition in report.attrition.items()
+    )
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    """CLI entry point; returns the process exit code."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        prog="pf1e-sim",
+        description="Run Monte Carlo battles on a map and print a balance report.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--map", required=True, type=Path, help="map YAML file")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--side",
+        action="append",
+        nargs="+",
+        metavar=("NAME", "FILE"),
+        help="side NAME with one or more monster JSON files (repeatable)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--runs", type=int, default=1000, help="number of battles (default: 1000)")
+    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=1, help="RNG seed (default: 1)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--round-cap",
+        type=int,
+        default=100,
+        help="max rounds per battle (default: 100)",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    if not args.side:
+        parser.error("at least one --side is required")
+    try:
+        spec = _build_spec(args)
+    except CliError as exc:
+        print(f"pf1e-sim: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+    except (MapValidationError, MonsterLoadError, SheetLoadError, OSError) as exc:
+        print(f"pf1e-sim: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+    try:
+        report = run_encounter(spec, runs=args.runs, seed=args.seed)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        print(f"pf1e-sim: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+    print(format_report(report, spec))
+    return 0
diff --git a/src/pf1e_simulator/combat.py b/src/pf1e_simulator/combat.py
index 2127b5a..4ab195d 100644
--- a/src/pf1e_simulator/combat.py
+++ b/src/pf1e_simulator/combat.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ Phase 0 documented deviations from PF1e (conventions):
 - DR applies once, after crit multiplication; any bypassing type defeats DR.
 - Death when hp < min(-10, -CON); hp <= 0 cannot act.
 - Initiative ties: higher initiative_mod first, then list order (no re-roll).
-- Movement: greedy single step toward the nearest enemy minimizing
-  accumulated cost + remaining grid distance; ties keep delta order.
+- Movement: one step per move action toward the nearest enemy, following the
+  true shortest path (Dijkstra cost field from the target); ties keep delta order.
 - Ranged attacks ignore cover and range penalties in Phase 0.
 """
 
@@ -301,15 +301,20 @@ class CombatEngine:
         if speed_cells <= 0:
             return None
         blocked = frozenset(s.pos for s in self._states if s is not state and s.active)
-        costs = self._grid.reachable(state.pos, speed_cells, blocked)
+        to_target = self._grid.reachable(target.pos, None, blocked)
+        if state.pos not in to_target:
+            return None
         best: tuple[int, Pos] | None = None
         row, col = state.pos
         for d_row, d_col in _STEP_DELTAS:
             nxt = (row + d_row, col + d_col)
-            cost = costs.get(nxt)
+            cost = to_target.get(nxt)
             if cost is None:
                 continue
-            score = cost + self._grid.distance(nxt, target.pos)
+            step = self._grid.step_cost(state.pos, nxt, 0)
+            if step > speed_cells:
+                continue
+            score = step + cost
             if best is None or score < best[0]:
                 best = (score, nxt)
         if best is None:
diff --git a/src/pf1e_simulator/grid.py b/src/pf1e_simulator/grid.py
index a37eb4e..0b52b7d 100644
--- a/src/pf1e_simulator/grid.py
+++ b/src/pf1e_simulator/grid.py
@@ -87,11 +87,12 @@ class Grid:
         flank_b = (to[0], frm[1])
         return self.passable(flank_a) and self.passable(flank_b)
 
-    def reachable(self, start: Pos, budget: int, blocked: frozenset[Pos]) -> dict[Pos, int]:
+    def reachable(self, start: Pos, budget: int | None, blocked: frozenset[Pos]) -> dict[Pos, int]:
         """Cheapest movement cost per reachable square, capped at budget.
 
         `blocked` holds creature-occupied squares: unenterable, but never
         affecting diagonal_allowed. The start square is included at cost 0.
+        budget=None disables the cap (full cost field).
         """
         best_per_state: dict[tuple[Pos, int], int] = {(start, 0): 0}
         results: dict[Pos, int] = {start: 0}
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ class Grid:
                 if is_diagonal and not self.diagonal_allowed(pos, nxt):
                     continue
                 new_cost = cost + self.step_cost(pos, nxt, parity)
-                if new_cost > budget:
+                if budget is not None and new_cost > budget:
                     continue
                 new_parity = (parity + 1) % 2 if is_diagonal else parity
                 state = (nxt, new_parity)
diff --git a/src/pf1e_simulator/metrics.py b/src/pf1e_simulator/metrics.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31ae107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pf1e_simulator/metrics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+"""Closed-form statistics for Monte Carlo balance reports.
+
+Proportions follow the binomial model: p = wins/n with standard error
+sqrt(p(1-p)/n). The 3-sigma band is the default confidence interval used in
+the CLI report; clamp keeps degenerate proportions (0 or 1) exact.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+
+
+def win_rate(wins: int, runs: int) -> float:
+    """Fraction of runs won: wins / runs."""
+    if runs <= 0:
+        msg = "runs must be positive"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return wins / runs
+
+
+def win_rate_sigma(p: float, runs: int) -> float:
+    """Standard error of a proportion: sqrt(p(1-p)/n)."""
+    if runs <= 0:
+        msg = "runs must be positive"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return math.sqrt(p * (1 - p) / runs)
+
+
+def win_rate_band(p: float, runs: int, *, sigma_count: float = 3.0) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    """p +/- sigma_count standard errors, clamped to [0, 1]."""
+    sigma = win_rate_sigma(p, runs)
+    return (max(0.0, p - sigma_count * sigma), min(1.0, p + sigma_count * sigma))
diff --git a/src/pf1e_simulator/runner.py b/src/pf1e_simulator/runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d3ac92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pf1e_simulator/runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+"""Monte Carlo runner: many deterministic battles aggregated into balance metrics.
+
+Each run builds fresh combatant states (duplicate ids get -N suffixes), places
+each side inside its deployment zone, and plays one battle with a dedicated
+SeededRng stream derived from the encounter seed. Results are aggregated into
+an EncounterReport: wins per side, draws, average rounds, and per-combatant
+attrition averages. All statistical helpers live in metrics.py.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pf1e_simulator.combat import Policy
+    from pf1e_simulator.grid import Grid
+    from pf1e_simulator.map import MapSpec
+    from pf1e_simulator.models import Combatant
+
+from pf1e_simulator.combat import CombatantState, CombatantStats, CombatEngine
+from pf1e_simulator.grid import Grid
+from pf1e_simulator.map import zone_cells
+from pf1e_simulator.metrics import win_rate, win_rate_band, win_rate_sigma
+from pf1e_simulator.rng import SeededRng
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Side:
+    """One faction in an encounter: combatants deployed inside one zone letter."""
+
+    name: str
+    combatants: tuple[Combatant, ...]
+    zone: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class EncounterSpec:
+    """A full encounter definition: map, sides, and a battle round cap."""
+
+    map: MapSpec
+    sides: tuple[Side, ...]
+    round_cap: int = 100
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class CombatantAttrition:
+    """Average per-combatant outcomes over a Monte Carlo run."""
+
+    hits: float
+    crits: float
+    damage_dealt: float
+    damage_taken: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class EncounterReport:
+    """Aggregated results of a Monte Carlo encounter."""
+
+    runs: int
+    seed: int
+    wins: dict[str, int]
+    draws: int
+    avg_rounds: float
+    attrition: dict[str, CombatantAttrition]
+
+    def win_rate(self, side: str) -> float:
+        """Fraction of runs won by `side` (closed form, see metrics)."""
+        return win_rate(self.wins.get(side, 0), self.runs)
+
+    def win_rate_sigma(self, side: str) -> float:
+        """Standard error of the side's win rate: sqrt(p(1-p)/n)."""
+        return win_rate_sigma(self.win_rate(side), self.runs)
+
+    def win_rate_band(self, side: str) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        """3-sigma confidence band for the side's win rate."""
+        return win_rate_band(self.win_rate(side), self.runs)
+
+
+def build_states(spec: EncounterSpec) -> list[CombatantState]:
+    """Fresh states for one battle; duplicate combatant ids get -N suffixes.
+
+    Combatants of a side fill the zone's cells in (row, col) order. A side with
+    more combatants than zone cells, or a zone with no cells, is a spec error.
+    """
+    states: list[CombatantState] = []
+    seen: dict[str, int] = {}
+    for side in spec.sides:
+        cells = zone_cells(spec.map, side.zone)
+        if not cells:
+            msg = f"side {side.name!r}: zone {side.zone!r} has no cells"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if len(cells) < len(side.combatants):
+            msg = (
+                f"side {side.name!r}: zone {side.zone!r} has {len(cells)} cells "
+                f"for {len(side.combatants)} combatants"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        for combatant, pos in zip(side.combatants, cells, strict=False):
+            count = seen.get(combatant.id, 0) + 1
+            seen[combatant.id] = count
+            cid = combatant.id if count == 1 else f"{combatant.id}-{count}"
+            effective = (
+                combatant
+                if cid == combatant.id
+                else combatant.model_copy(update={"id": cid})
+            )
+            states.append(
+                CombatantState(
+                    combatant=effective,
+                    side=side.name,
+                    pos=pos,
+                    hp=effective.hp_max,
+                )
+            )
+    return states
+
+
+def run_encounter(
+    spec: EncounterSpec,
+    runs: int,
+    seed: int,
+    *,
+    policy: Policy | None = None,
+) -> EncounterReport:
+    """Run `runs` battles (one SeededRng per run) and aggregate balance metrics."""
+    if runs <= 0:
+        msg = "runs must be positive"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    grid = Grid.from_spec(spec.map)
+    states = build_states(spec)
+    ids = [s.combatant.id for s in states]
+    wins = {side.name: 0 for side in spec.sides}
+    draws = 0
+    total_rounds = 0
+    totals = {cid: CombatantStats() for cid in ids}
+    for index in range(runs):
+        if index > 0:
+            states = build_states(spec)
+        rng = SeededRng(seed + index)
+        result = CombatEngine(rng, grid, states, round_cap=spec.round_cap, policy=policy).run()
+        if result.winner is None:
+            draws += 1
+        else:
+            wins[result.winner] = wins.get(result.winner, 0) + 1
+        total_rounds += result.rounds
+        for cid, stats in result.stats.items():
+            current = totals[cid]
+            totals[cid] = CombatantStats(
+                hits=current.hits + stats.hits,
+                crits=current.crits + stats.crits,
+                damage_dealt=current.damage_dealt + stats.damage_dealt,
+                damage_taken=current.damage_taken + stats.damage_taken,
+            )
+    attrition = {
+        cid: CombatantAttrition(
+            hits=stats.hits / runs,
+            crits=stats.crits / runs,
+            damage_dealt=stats.damage_dealt / runs,
+            damage_taken=stats.damage_taken / runs,
+        )
+        for cid, stats in totals.items()
+    }
+    return EncounterReport(
+        runs=runs,
+        seed=seed,
+        wins=wins,
+        draws=draws,
+        avg_rounds=total_rounds / runs,
+        attrition=attrition,
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_cli.py b/tests/test_cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0f2e99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+"""Tests for the pf1e-sim command-line interface."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pytest
+
+from pf1e_simulator.cli import main
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+MAP = ROOT / "data" / "maps" / "sample_arena.yaml"
+GOBLIN = ROOT / "data" / "monsters" / "goblin.json"
+ORC = ROOT / "data" / "monsters" / "orc.json"
+
+
+def test_cli_prints_balance_report(capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str]) -> None:
+    rc = main(
+        [
+            "--map",
+            str(MAP),
+            "--side",
+            "players",
+            str(GOBLIN),
+            str(GOBLIN),
+            str(GOBLIN),
+            "--side",
+            "monsters",
+            str(ORC),
+            str(ORC),
+            "--runs",
+            "50",
+            "--seed",
+            "1",
+        ]
+    )
+    out = capsys.readouterr().out
+    assert rc == 0
+    assert "Rapport d'équilibrage" in out
+    assert "Victoires players" in out
+    assert "Victoires monsters" in out
+    assert "bande 3σ" in out
+    assert "Nuls" in out
+    assert "Rounds moyens" in out
+    assert "Attrition moyenne" in out
+
+
+def test_cli_rejects_side_not_in_deployment(capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str]) -> None:
+    rc = main(["--map", str(MAP), "--side", "bogus", str(GOBLIN), "--runs", "10"])
+    assert rc == 2
+    assert "deployment" in capsys.readouterr().err
+
+
+def test_cli_rejects_missing_deployment_side(capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str]) -> None:
+    rc = main(["--map", str(MAP), "--side", "players", str(GOBLIN), "--runs", "10"])
+    assert rc == 2
+    assert "monsters" in capsys.readouterr().err
diff --git a/tests/test_combat.py b/tests/test_combat.py
index 1bdb44f..e68b25a 100644
--- a/tests/test_combat.py
+++ b/tests/test_combat.py
@@ -394,3 +394,24 @@ def test_nearest_enemy_targeting_and_full_rounds() -> None:
         "round 4 gob: orc-2 down",
         "battle over: players win in 4 rounds",
     )
+
+
+def test_melee_routes_around_wall() -> None:
+    """Melee unit follows the true shortest path instead of oscillating at a wall."""
+    legend = {
+        ".": TerrainType(type="floor", move_cost=1),
+        "#": TerrainType(type="wall", move_cost=None, blocks_los=True),
+    }
+    spec = MapSpec(
+        name="wall-test",
+        terrain=("....#...", "....#...", "........"),
+        legend=legend,
+    )
+    grid = Grid.from_spec(spec)
+    mover = make_combatant("mover", hp=20, speed=30)
+    target = make_combatant("target", speed=0)
+    states = [make_state(mover, "players", (1, 1)), make_state(target, "monsters", (1, 5))]
+    engine = CombatEngine(SeededRng(42), grid, states)
+    result = engine.run()
+    assert result.winner == "players"
+    assert result.stats["mover"].hits > 0
diff --git a/tests/test_grid.py b/tests/test_grid.py
index 642ffd9..2f06069 100644
--- a/tests/test_grid.py
+++ b/tests/test_grid.py
@@ -112,3 +112,9 @@ def test_reachable_cannot_enter_wall_squares() -> None:
     grid = make_grid(["..", ".C"])
     reached = grid.reachable((0, 0), 9, frozenset())
     assert (1, 1) not in reached
+
+
+def test_reachable_unbounded_budget_covers_whole_map() -> None:
+    grid = make_grid([".#.", "..."])
+    reached = grid.reachable((0, 0), None, frozenset())
+    assert reached == {(0, 0): 0, (1, 0): 1, (1, 1): 2, (1, 2): 3, (0, 2): 4}
diff --git a/tests/test_runner.py b/tests/test_runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0742119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+"""Tests for the Monte Carlo runner and its closed-form statistics.
+
+The runner aggregates many deterministic battles (one SeededRng per run) into
+balance metrics: win rates per side, draws, average rounds, and per-combatant
+attrition. Statistical assertions use the closed-form binomial standard error
+sqrt(p(1-p)/n): symmetric matchups must land within the 3-sigma band.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+from pf1e_simulator.dice import parse_dice
+from pf1e_simulator.map import MapSpec, TerrainType
+from pf1e_simulator.metrics import win_rate, win_rate_band, win_rate_sigma
+from pf1e_simulator.models import (
+    AbilityScores,
+    ACProfile,
+    AttackSpec,
+    Combatant,
+    DamageComponent,
+    Saves,
+)
+from pf1e_simulator.runner import EncounterSpec, Side, build_states, run_encounter
+
+
+def make_combatant(
+    cid: str,
+    *,
+    hp: int = 6,
+    ac: int = 13,
+    attack_bonus: int = 2,
+    damage: str = "1d4",
+    initiative_mod: int = 0,
+    speed: int = 30,
+) -> Combatant:
+    attack = AttackSpec(
+        id=f"{cid}-w",
+        name="short sword",
+        kind="melee",
+        attack_bonus=attack_bonus,
+        damage=[DamageComponent(formula=parse_dice(damage), types=["slashing"])],
+    )
+    return Combatant(
+        id=cid,
+        name=cid,
+        level=1,
+        size="Medium",
+        abilities=AbilityScores(
+            str_score=10,
+            dex_score=10,
+            con_score=12,
+            int_score=10,
+            wis_score=10,
+            cha_score=10,
+        ),
+        hp_max=hp,
+        ac=ACProfile(total=ac, touch=ac, flat_footed=ac),
+        bab=attack_bonus,
+        initiative_mod=initiative_mod,
+        speed_land_ft=speed,
+        saves=Saves(fort=0, ref=0, will=0),
+        attacks=[attack],
+    )
+
+
+def make_map() -> MapSpec:
+    legend = {".": TerrainType(type="floor", move_cost=1)}
+    return MapSpec(
+        name="test",
+        terrain=("........", "........"),
+        legend=legend,
+        zones=("AA..BB..", "........"),
+        deployment={"players": "A", "monsters": "B"},
+    )
+
+
+def test_metrics_closed_form() -> None:
+    """Proportion stats use the binomial closed form: p, sqrt(p(1-p)/n), 3-sigma band."""
+    assert win_rate(50, 100) == pytest.approx(0.5)
+    assert win_rate_sigma(0.5, 100) == pytest.approx(0.05)
+    assert win_rate_band(0.5, 100) == (pytest.approx(0.35), pytest.approx(0.65))
+    assert win_rate(0, 100) == 0.0
+    assert win_rate_band(0.0, 100) == (0.0, 0.0)
+    assert win_rate_band(1.0, 100) == (1.0, 1.0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="runs must be positive"):
+        win_rate(1, 0)
+
+
+def test_symmetric_1v1_win_rate_within_3sigma() -> None:
+    """Identical combatants on mirror zones: players win rate stays inside 3 sigma of 0.5.
+
+    Long battles (hp 20, 1d4) keep the first-strike initiative edge small, so the
+    observed proportion must fall in [0.5 - 3*sqrt(0.25/1000), 0.5 + 3*...].
+    """
+    c = make_combatant("solo", hp=20, damage="1d4")
+    spec = EncounterSpec(
+        map=make_map(),
+        sides=(
+            Side(name="players", combatants=(c,), zone="A"),
+            Side(name="monsters", combatants=(c,), zone="B"),
+        ),
+    )
+    report = run_encounter(spec, runs=1000, seed=1)
+    p = report.win_rate("players")
+    band = report.win_rate_band("players")
+    assert band[0] <= p <= band[1]
+    assert report.wins["players"] + report.wins["monsters"] + report.draws == report.runs
+
+
+def test_stalemate_draws_every_run_at_round_cap() -> None:
+    """Immobile sides never meet: every run draws at the round cap with win rate 0."""
+    slow = make_combatant("slow", speed=0)
+    spec = EncounterSpec(
+        map=make_map(),
+        sides=(
+            Side(name="players", combatants=(slow,), zone="A"),
+            Side(name="monsters", combatants=(slow,), zone="B"),
+        ),
+        round_cap=3,
+    )
+    report = run_encounter(spec, runs=50, seed=7)
+    assert report.draws == 50
+    assert report.wins == {"players": 0, "monsters": 0}
+    assert report.avg_rounds == pytest.approx(3.0)
+    assert report.win_rate("players") == 0.0
+    assert report.win_rate_band("players") == (0.0, 0.0)
+
+
+def test_attrition_averages_every_combatant() -> None:
+    """Attrition reports per-combatant averages with physically plausible bounds."""
+    spec = EncounterSpec(
+        map=make_map(),
+        sides=(
+            Side(
+                name="players",
+                combatants=(make_combatant("p1"), make_combatant("p2")),
+                zone="A",
+            ),
+            Side(
+                name="monsters",
+                combatants=(make_combatant("m1"), make_combatant("m2")),
+                zone="B",
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+    report = run_encounter(spec, runs=20, seed=3)
+    assert set(report.attrition) == {"p1", "p2", "m1", "m2"}
+    for attrition in report.attrition.values():
+        assert attrition.hits >= 0
+        assert attrition.crits >= 0
+        assert attrition.damage_dealt >= 0
+        assert attrition.damage_taken >= 0
+    # hp 6, max single hit 4 (1d4): a killing blow lands from hp >= 1, so damage_taken <= 6 + 3
+    assert all(a.damage_taken <= 9.0 for a in report.attrition.values())
+    # Symmetric 2v2 in a two-cell corridor: both sides lose some runs, nobody escapes untouched.
+    assert all(a.damage_taken > 0 for a in report.attrition.values())
+    assert all(a.damage_dealt > 0 for a in report.attrition.values())
+
+
+def test_build_states_disambiguates_duplicate_ids() -> None:
+    """Duplicate combatant ids (same monster file twice) get global -N suffixes."""
+    spec = EncounterSpec(
+        map=make_map(),
+        sides=(
+            Side(
+                name="players",
+                combatants=(make_combatant("gob"), make_combatant("gob")),
+                zone="A",
+            ),
+            Side(name="monsters", combatants=(make_combatant("gob"),), zone="B"),
+        ),
+    )
+    states = build_states(spec)
+    assert [s.combatant.id for s in states] == ["gob", "gob-2", "gob-3"]
+    assert [s.pos for s in states] == [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 4)]
+    assert all(s.hp == s.combatant.hp_max for s in states)
+
+
+def test_build_states_rejects_too_many_combatants_for_zone() -> None:
+    """A zone with fewer cells than combatants is a spec error, not a runtime surprise."""
+    spec = EncounterSpec(
+        map=make_map(),
+        sides=(
+            Side(
+                name="players",
+                combatants=(
+                    make_combatant("a"),
+                    make_combatant("b"),
+                    make_combatant("c"),
+                ),
+                zone="A",
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="has 2 cells"):
+        build_states(spec)