feat(observation): expose spell cast time in the snapshot

The per-spell Observation dict gains the additive cast_time key: the
registry spell's budget code on a hit, "standard" on a miss (mirroring
the engine's resolver fallback), so an LLM policy can schedule casts
against the action budget it sees reported back.

Ultraworked with [Sisyphus](https://github.com/code-yeongyu/oh-my-openagent)

Co-authored-by: Sisyphus <clio-agent@sisyphuslabs.ai>

README.md

@@ -360,7 +360,11 @@ Règles modélisées :
   compartiment du budget — standard, mouvement, swift, round complet, ou
   libre/conditionnel (hors budget) — et la séquence est vérifiée contre le budget
   (≤ 1 standard **ou** 1 round complet, ≤ 1 mouvement, ≤ 1 swift ; un round
-  complet consacre à la fois le standard ET le mouvement). La dégradation est
+  complet consacre à la fois le standard ET le mouvement). **Conversion
+  standard → mouvement** (CRB : une action de mouvement peut se prendre « à la
+  place » de l'action standard) : quand le compartiment mouvement est déjà
+  occupé et que le standard est encore libre, un second mouvement consomme le
+  standard — `(move, stand_up)` et `(move, move)` sont donc légaux. La dégradation est
   **déterministe et stable en ordre** : parcours glouton dans l'ordre, chaque
   action est gardée tant que son compartiment est libre ; le résultat est donc le
   plus préfixe-sous-séquence légal, et toute action excédentaire est retirée et
@@ -371,27 +375,57 @@ Règles modélisées :
   `(move, attack)` ; `(full_attack, deed, inspire_courage)` → `(full_attack, deed)`.
   Classification (exhaustive sur le `Literal` des kinds, verrouillée par
   `tests/test_conformance_action_economy.py`) : **standard** = `attack`,
-  `cast_spell` (le moteur ne modélise pas de temps d'incantation — `SpellSpec`
-  n'a pas de champ `cast_time`, donc tout sort s'incante comme une action
-  standard), `maneuver`, `channel_energy`, `hex`, `delay`, `ready`,
-  `total_defense`, `aid_another` ; **mouvement** = `move`, `stand_up`,
+  `maneuver`, `channel_energy`, `hex`, `delay`, `ready`,
+  `total_defense`, `aid_another` ; `cast_spell` occupe le compartiment que
+  lui donne son **temps d'incantation** (champ `cast_time` de `SpellSpec`,
+  voir « Temps d'incantation » plus bas ; standard par défaut) ;
+  **mouvement** = `move`, `stand_up`,
    `retrieve_weapon` (sortir une arme est une action de mouvement),
-  `repair_weapon`, `run` (round complet en RAW, mais modélisé ici comme une
-  mécanique de mouvement posant `moved_this_turn` et déjà exclu de
-  `_FULL_ROUND_KINDS` — cohérence assumée) ; **swift** = `swift`, `deed`,
+   `repair_weapon` ; **swift** = `swift`, `deed`,
    `inspire_courage` ; **round complet** = `full_attack`, `charge`, `withdraw`,
-  `full_round`, `spell_combat` (sort + attaque à outrance dans le même round) ;
+   `full_round`, `spell_combat` (sort + attaque à outrance dans le même round),
+   `run` (round complet en RAW — il consacre le standard ET le mouvement, tout
+   en posant `moved_this_turn` et `running`) ;
    **libre/conditionnel (hors budget)** = `wait`, `free`, `immediate` (hors-tour ;
    il consomme le PROCHAIN swift via `immediate_used`, pas les compartiments du
    tour courant), `5foot_step` (pas libre, exclusif avec tout autre mouvement via
    `moved_this_turn`), `drop_prone`, `activate_power_attack` et `fight_defensively`
    (des déclarations de mode appliquées à l'attaque qui les suit, comme le
-  basculement Power Attack). Ordre de composition : le budget général est
-  appliqué EN PREMIER, puis les filtres spécialisés (immédiat/accablé/nausée)
-  s'exercent sur le reste déjà légal (leur sortie est une action unique, donc
-  jamais re-filtrée par le budget). L'ordre de dégradation est celui de la
-  politique : la première action légale d'un compartiment gagne, les suivantes
-  sont excédentaires.
+   basculement Power Attack). Ordre de composition : le pré-filtre des temps
+   d'incantation « longs » est appliqué EN PREMIER (voir « Temps d'incantation »
+   ci-dessous), puis le budget général, puis les filtres spécialisés
+   (immédiat/accablé/nausée) s'exercent sur le reste déjà légal (leur sortie est
+   une action unique, donc jamais re-filtrée par le budget). L'ordre de
+   dégradation est celui de la politique : la première action légale d'un
+   compartiment gagne, les suivantes sont excédentaires.
+- Temps d'incantation (`SpellSpec.cast_time`, conformance économie d'action) :
+  chaque sort porte un temps d'incantation normalisé en codes de budget —
+  `standard`, `swift`, `immediate`, `free`, `full_round`, `one_round`, `long`
+  (défaut `standard`). Le chargeur JSON accepte aussi les formulations RAW :
+  `"1 round"`/`"one round"` → `one_round`, `"1 full-round action"`/
+  `"full-round action"`/`"full-round"` → `full_round`, `"1 minute"`/
+  `"10 minutes"`/`"1 hour"`/`"long"` → `long`, `"standard action"`,
+  `"swift action"`, `"immediate action"`, `"free action"` ; une valeur
+  inconnue est une erreur de données (`ValueError`). Mapping vers le budget :
+  `standard` → standard ; `swift` → swift (il concurrence donc deed/inspire
+  courage et est aussi retiré quand le swift est consommé par une immédiate,
+  via `immediate_used`) ; `immediate` et `free` → libre (l'immédiate reste
+  hors-tour et consomme le prochain swift) ; `full_round` → round complet ;
+  `one_round` → **round complet par clamp** — approximation documentée : le
+  moteur ne tient pas d'incantation en cours entre les tours, le sort
+  d'1 round se résout au bout du tour courant au lieu du suivant ;
+  `long` (≥ 1 minute) → **jeté avant le filtre de budget**, rapporté comme
+  `ActionResult(kind="cast_spell", ok=False, reason="downgraded:cast_time")`
+  (seule `default_policy` s'en préserve : `_choose_spell_action` ne sélectionne
+  jamais un sort à temps long). Le moteur résout le code via sa registry
+  (`_cast_time_of`, repli `standard` pour un nom inconnu) et le passe aux
+  filtres purs sous forme de résolveur `CastTimeResolver`. Seuls
+  `Summon Monster I/II` déclarent `"1 round"` dans `data/spells/` ; les autres
+  sorts exotiques (Bladed Dash, Silence…) restent au défaut `standard` — hors
+  du périmètre de ce paquet. Hors du périmètre (hook futur, commenté dans
+  `_cast_time_of`) : la métamagie d'incanteur spontané qui allonge le temps
+  d'incantation à un round complet sans don Quickened — le signature
+  `Callable[[Action], CastTime]` du résolveur l'accommodera sans changement.
 - Retard (`Action(kind="delay")`, action standard) : le combattant renonce à
   agir maintenant et agit plus tard dans le **même round** — en fin d'ordre si
   `target_id` est absent, sinon juste avant le combattant désigné. La nouvelle
@@ -477,9 +511,11 @@ Règles modélisées :
    déclarés mais non implémentés (`swift`, `free`, `full_round` — leur
    implémentation générique reste à faire) → `unsupported_kind` ; dégradation
    par le budget général d'action (X4 — action excédentaire retirée de la
-  séquence de la politique) ou par les filtres staggered/nauseated (ou swift
-  consommé par une immédiate) →
-  `downgraded:action_economy` / `downgraded:staggered` / `downgraded:nauseated` /
+   séquence de la politique), par le pré-filtre des temps d'incantation longs
+   (sort `long` jamais planifiable dans un tour) ou par les filtres
+   staggered/nauseated (ou swift consommé par une immédiate) →
+   `downgraded:action_economy` / `downgraded:cast_time` /
+   `downgraded:staggered` / `downgraded:nauseated` /
    `downgraded:immediate_swift` ;
   retard valide → `ok=True, reason="delayed"`, second retard du même round →
   `ok=False, reason="already_delayed"` ; préparation valide →
@@ -941,7 +977,9 @@ Règles modélisées :
     spells (résumés enrichis du registre : name, level, school, range_ft,
     save, dc, summary, half_on_save, save_negates (E4), area {shape,
     radius_ft} | None (U7a : premier AreaEffect de niveau supérieur du sort,
-    gabarit de zone structuré, None si le sort n'a pas de zone)),
+    gabarit de zone structuré, None si le sort n'a pas de zone), cast_time
+    (code de temps d'incantation, « standard » pour un sort inconnu du
+    registre)),
     spell_resistance (int), resistances {type: montant}, immunities
     (tuple triée des types immunisés), sneak_dice (dés de précision disponibles :
     (niveau + 1) // 2 avec « Sneak Attack », sinon 0), engaged_in_melee (bool —
@@ -1086,10 +1124,13 @@ la lecture mais non appliquée dans la résolution.
   (`loaders/combatant.py`) résout les noms de dons des fiches vers des
   `AbilitySpec` réels ou des « no-op » tracés.
 - `spells.py` — sorts : `SpellSpec` (dataclass avec niveau, école, portée,
-  sauvegarde, DC de base) et types d'effets (`DamageEffect`, `ConditionEffect`,
+  sauvegarde, DC de base, temps d'incantation `cast_time`) et types d'effets
+  (`DamageEffect`, `ConditionEffect`,
   `HealEffect`, `BuffEffect`). Portées PF1e (personal, touch, close, medium,
   long) calculées par `spell_range_ft`. Chargeur JSON (`load_spell`,
-  `load_spell_registry`) pour `data/spells/`. Des descripteurs de sauvegarde
+  `load_spell_registry`) pour `data/spells/`, acceptant les codes de budget
+  `cast_time` et leurs alias RAW (« 1 round », « 1 minute »…). Des
+  descripteurs de sauvegarde
   (`spell_save_descriptors` / `save_descriptors_for_effects` : types de dégâts,
   conditions de peur, écoles enchantement/divination) sont dérivés des effets
   pour évaluer les modificateurs conditionnés lors d'une sauvegarde. Le moteur

data/spells/summon_monster_i.json

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
   "range": "close",
   "save": "none",
   "base_dc": 10,
+  "cast_time": "1 round",
   "effects": [
     {
       "type": "summon",

data/spells/summon_monster_ii.json

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
   "range": "close",
   "save": "none",
   "base_dc": 10,
+  "cast_time": "1 round",
   "effects": [
     {
       "type": "summon",

src/pf1e_simulator/combat.py

@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@ Phase 0 documented deviations from PF1e (conventions):
 - Action economy: a normal turn grants one standard action + one move action
   (or one full-round action), plus swift/free/immediate. The policy returns an
   ordered sequence of `Action` per turn; the engine enforces the budget on it
-  (X4, `_action_economy_filter`): surplus standards/moves/swifts and a
-  full-round action conflicting with an already-spent standard/move are
+  (X4, `_action_economy_filter`): a cast_spell occupies the slot of its spell's
+  casting time (long casts are dropped before the budget with
+  `downgraded:cast_time`), surplus standards/moves/swifts and a full-round
+  action conflicting with an already-spent standard/move are
   dropped in order (earliest legal prefix-subsequence kept) and reported as
-  `downgraded:action_economy`; the condition-specific filters then apply as
+  `downgraded:action_economy`; a move action may convert a still-free standard
+  slot; the condition-specific filters then apply as
   before. The engine executes the remaining actions in order,
   stopping early if the actor drops or one side is wiped. `default_policy`
   returns `(full_attack,)` when already in range, `(charge,)` when a
@@ -114,6 +117,7 @@ from pf1e_simulator.models import PREDEFINED_SKILLS
 from pf1e_simulator.spells import (
     AreaEffect,
     BuffEffect,
+    CastTime,
     ConditionEffect,
     DamageEffect,
     HealEffect,
@@ -782,13 +786,17 @@ class Action:
 # no_weapon (aid another without a usable melee weapon) and
 # unreachable_destination (run to an unhonourable destination). X4 adds
 # downgraded:action_economy for actions the general per-turn budget filter
-# drops from the policy sequence (second standard, second move, second
-# swift, full-round conflicting with standard+move).
+# drops from the policy sequence (second standard, second move when no
+# standard is left to convert, second swift, full-round conflicting with
+# standard+move). The cast-time package adds downgraded:cast_time for
+# cast_spell actions whose spell has a long casting time (1+ minutes): the
+# engine cannot schedule them within a turn, so they are dropped before the
+# budget filter runs.
 ACTION_RESULT_REASONS: frozenset[str] = frozenset({
     "ok", "unsupported_kind", "missing_target", "no_weapon", "out_of_range",
     "no_line_of_effect", "no_slot", "insufficient_resource",
     "downgraded:staggered", "downgraded:nauseated",
-    "downgraded:action_economy",
+    "downgraded:action_economy", "downgraded:cast_time",
     "delayed", "already_delayed", "ready",
     "not_prone", "already_prone", "unreachable_destination",
     "weapon_unavailable", "invalid_destination",
@@ -800,6 +808,7 @@ _REASON_DOWNGRADED_STAGGERED = "downgraded:staggered"
 _REASON_DOWNGRADED_NAUSEATED = "downgraded:nauseated"
 _REASON_DOWNGRADED_IMMEDIATE_SWIFT = "downgraded:immediate_swift"
 _REASON_DOWNGRADED_ACTION_ECONOMY = "downgraded:action_economy"
+_REASON_DOWNGRADED_CAST_TIME = "downgraded:cast_time"
 _REASON_DELAYED = "delayed"
 _REASON_ALREADY_DELAYED = "already_delayed"
 _REASON_READY = "ready"
@@ -1436,6 +1445,20 @@ class CombatEngine:
         state.last_action_results = results
         return self._winner_side() is not None
 
+    def _cast_time_of(self, action: Action) -> CastTime:
+        """Resolve a cast_spell action's casting time from the registry.
+
+        Unknown spell names (and non-cast actions) default to "standard".
+        Future hook (out of scope here): for a spontaneous caster this
+        closure would read state.combatant.spontaneous_caster and
+        action.metamagic — a spontaneous cast with a non-empty metamagic
+        feat and no Quickened Spell becomes full_round (unless the spell is
+        already one_round or long). The Callable[[Action], CastTime]
+        resolver signature already accommodates the state-aware variant.
+        """
+        spell = self._spell_registry.get(action.spell_name or "")
+        return spell.cast_time if spell is not None else "standard"
+
     def _filter_turn_actions(
         self,
         state: CombatantState,
@@ -1444,17 +1467,32 @@ class CombatEngine:
     ) -> tuple[Action, ...]:
         """Downgrade the policy's action sequence to the legal action economy.
 
-        Composition order (X4): the general per-turn budget (CRB, "Actions in
-        Combat": one standard + one move, or one full-round, plus one swift)
-        is enforced first on every sequence; the condition-specific
-        specializations then run on the budget-legal remainder (their output
-        is a single action, so the budget never re-drops it). Swift consumed
-        by an immediate action; PF1e (CRB, Disabled): a creature at exactly
-        0 hp is staggered — one move OR one standard action per round, no
-        full-round actions; nauseated: single move only. Dropped kinds are
-        reported into ``results``.
+        Composition order: a cast-time pre-pass first drops every cast_spell
+        whose spell has a long casting time (1+ minutes — the engine cannot
+        schedule it within a turn; reported as downgraded:cast_time). Then
+        the general per-turn budget (CRB, "Actions in Combat": one standard
+        + one move, or one full-round, plus one swift; a move action may be
+        taken instead of the standard) is enforced on every sequence, with
+        each cast_spell occupying the slot of its resolved casting time. The
+        condition-specific specializations then run on the budget-legal
+        remainder (their output is a single action, so the budget never
+        re-drops it). Swift consumed by an immediate action; PF1e (CRB,
+        Disabled): a creature at exactly 0 hp is staggered — one move OR one
+        standard action per round, no full-round actions (including
+        full-round and one-round casts and spell_combat); nauseated: single
+        move only. Dropped kinds are reported into ``results``.
         """
-        kept = _action_economy_filter(actions)
+        schedulable = tuple(
+            a
+            for a in actions
+            if not (a.kind == "cast_spell" and self._cast_time_of(a) == "long")
+        )
+        results.extend(
+            ActionResult(kind="cast_spell", ok=False, reason=_REASON_DOWNGRADED_CAST_TIME)
+            for _ in range(len(actions) - len(schedulable))
+        )
+        actions = schedulable
+        kept = _action_economy_filter(actions, cast_time=self._cast_time_of)
         results.extend(
             ActionResult(
                 kind=kind, ok=False, reason=_REASON_DOWNGRADED_ACTION_ECONOMY
@@ -1463,7 +1501,7 @@ class CombatEngine:
         )
         actions = kept
         if state.immediate_used:
-            kept = _without_swift_bonus(actions)
+            kept = _without_swift_bonus(actions, cast_time=self._cast_time_of)
             results.extend(
                 ActionResult(kind=kind, ok=False, reason=_REASON_DOWNGRADED_IMMEDIATE_SWIFT)
                 for kind in _dropped_kinds(actions, kept)
@@ -1471,7 +1509,7 @@ class CombatEngine:
             actions = kept
             state.immediate_used = False
         if self._is_disabled(state) or self._has_condition_named(state, "staggered"):
-            kept = _staggered_filter(actions)
+            kept = _staggered_filter(actions, cast_time=self._cast_time_of)
             results.extend(
                 ActionResult(kind=kind, ok=False, reason=_REASON_DOWNGRADED_STAGGERED)
                 for kind in _dropped_kinds(actions, kept)
@@ -3393,6 +3431,10 @@ class CombatEngine:
         """
         kind = "run"
         if state.moved_this_turn:
+            # Defense in depth, mirroring the _move/_5foot_step no-op-ok
+            # convention. Unreachable through the filtered path: run is a
+            # full-round action, so no move-slot action can precede it in a
+            # kept sequence (the budget filter would have dropped one).
             return ActionResult(kind=kind, ok=True, reason=_REASON_OK)
         if self.has_condition_flag(state, "cant_move"):
             self._log(f"round {self._current_round} {state.combatant.id}: wait (cannot move)")
@@ -4532,6 +4574,7 @@ class CombatEngine:
                 "half_on_save": False,
                 "save_negates": False,
                 "area": None,
+                "cast_time": "standard",
             }
         half_on_save = _spell_half_on_save(spell)
         return {
@@ -4545,6 +4588,7 @@ class CombatEngine:
             "half_on_save": half_on_save,
             "save_negates": spell.save != "none" and not half_on_save,
             "area": _spell_area_dict(spell),
+            "cast_time": spell.cast_time,
         }
 
     def _cast_spell(
@@ -5750,10 +5794,21 @@ def _has_slot(engine: CombatEngine, caster: CombatantState, spell_name: str) ->
     return spell is not None and caster.spell_slots_left.get(spell.level, 0) > 0
 
 
+def _is_castable_this_turn(engine: CombatEngine, spell_name: str) -> bool:
+    """False only for long casting times (1+ minutes): the budget filter
+    would drop the cast, so the policy must never propose it."""
+    spell = engine.spell_registry.get(spell_name)
+    return spell is None or spell.cast_time != "long"
+
+
 def _choose_spell_action(
     engine: CombatEngine, state: CombatantState, target: CombatantState
 ) -> tuple[Action, ...] | None:
-    """Select and return a spell action if appropriate, else None."""
+    """Select and return a spell action if appropriate, else None.
+
+    Long-casting-time spells are never selected (they cannot be scheduled
+    within a turn); the heal -> offensive -> buff order is unchanged.
+    """
     caster = state
     spells_known = caster.combatant.spells
     if not spells_known:
@@ -5761,27 +5816,38 @@ def _choose_spell_action(
 
     # 1. Heal spell if ally below 50% HP
     heal_spell = _find_heal_spell(engine, spells_known)
-    if heal_spell and _has_slot(engine, caster, heal_spell):
+    if (
+        heal_spell
+        and _is_castable_this_turn(engine, heal_spell)
+        and _has_slot(engine, caster, heal_spell)
+    ):
         ally = _find_ally_needing_heal(engine, caster)
         if ally and ally.hp < ally.combatant.hp_max // 2:
             return (Action(kind="cast_spell", target_id=ally.combatant.id, spell_name=heal_spell),)
 
     # 2. Offensive spell if enemy in range
     offensive_spell = _find_offensive_spell(engine, spells_known, caster, target)
-    if offensive_spell and _has_slot(engine, caster, offensive_spell):
+    if (
+        offensive_spell
+        and _is_castable_this_turn(engine, offensive_spell)
+        and _has_slot(engine, caster, offensive_spell)
+    ):
         return (
             Action(kind="cast_spell", target_id=target.combatant.id, spell_name=offensive_spell),
         )
 
     # 3. Buff spell
     buff_spell = _find_buff_spell(engine, spells_known)
-    if buff_spell and _has_slot(engine, caster, buff_spell):
+    if (
+        buff_spell
+        and _is_castable_this_turn(engine, buff_spell)
+        and _has_slot(engine, caster, buff_spell)
+    ):
         return (Action(kind="cast_spell", target_id=caster.combatant.id, spell_name=buff_spell),)
 
     return None
 
 
-_FULL_ROUND_KINDS: frozenset[str] = frozenset({"full_attack", "charge", "withdraw", "full_round"})
 _SWIFT_BONUS_KINDS: frozenset[str] = frozenset({"deed", "inspire_courage", "swift"})
 # PF1e (CRB): a nauseated creature can take only a single move action per
 # turn — no standard, no full-round, no attacks, no spellcasting.
@@ -5789,14 +5855,65 @@ _NAUSEA_MOVE_KINDS: frozenset[str] = frozenset(
     {"move", "5foot_step", "stand_up", "drop_prone"}
 )
 
+# Casting-time plumbing for the budget filters: a cast_spell action consumes
+# the slot its spell's CastTime maps to. The pure filters take a resolver so
+# tests can drive them without a registry; the engine binds its own.
+CastTimeResolver = Callable[[Action], CastTime]
 
-def _without_swift_bonus(actions: tuple[Action, ...]) -> tuple[Action, ...]:
+
+def _default_cast_time(_action: Action) -> CastTime:
+    return "standard"
+
+
+def _cast_time_slot(cast_time: CastTime) -> _ActionEconomySlot:
+    """Budget slot consumed by a cast_spell of the given casting time.
+
+    PF1e (CRB, Magic — Casting Time): a standard/swift casting time takes
+    that kind of action; an immediate action is off-turn and consumes the
+    next swift (handled via immediate_used, so it is budget-free here); a
+    free-action cast is free. one_round is CLAMPED to the full-round slot:
+    the engine resolves it within the current turn instead of tracking a
+    pending cast across turns (documented approximation). A long casting
+    time (1+ minutes) cannot be scheduled by the turn budget at all — the
+    engine drops such casts before the filter runs, so reaching this
+    function with "long" is a programming error.
+    """
+    if cast_time == "standard":
+        return "standard"
+    if cast_time == "swift":
+        return "swift"
+    if cast_time in ("immediate", "free"):
+        return "free"
+    if cast_time in ("full_round", "one_round"):
+        return "full_round"
+    msg = f"long casting time cannot be scheduled by the budget filter: {cast_time!r}"
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def _effective_slot(action: Action, cast_time: CastTimeResolver) -> _ActionEconomySlot:
+    """The budget slot an action consumes, resolving cast_spell by cast time."""
+    if action.kind == "cast_spell":
+        return _cast_time_slot(cast_time(action))
+    return _action_economy_slot(action.kind)
+
+
+def _without_swift_bonus(
+    actions: tuple[Action, ...],
+    *,
+    cast_time: CastTimeResolver = _default_cast_time,
+) -> tuple[Action, ...]:
     """Drop swift/free bonus actions (deed, inspire_courage, swift).
 
     An immediate action consumes the combatant's next swift action; the
-    policy-returned sequence is filtered so no swift bonus fires that turn.
+    policy-returned sequence is filtered so no swift bonus fires that turn —
+    including a swift-action cast_spell, which occupies the same slot.
     """
-    return tuple(a for a in actions if a.kind not in _SWIFT_BONUS_KINDS)
+    return tuple(
+        a
+        for a in actions
+        if a.kind not in _SWIFT_BONUS_KINDS
+        and not (a.kind == "cast_spell" and _effective_slot(a, cast_time) == "swift")
+    )
 
 
 def _dropped_kinds(
@@ -5807,16 +5924,21 @@ def _dropped_kinds(
     return tuple(a.kind for a in before if a.kind not in kept)
 
 
-def _staggered_filter(actions: tuple[Action, ...]) -> tuple[Action, ...]:
+def _staggered_filter(
+    actions: tuple[Action, ...],
+    *,
+    cast_time: CastTimeResolver = _default_cast_time,
+) -> tuple[Action, ...]:
     """Staggered: one move OR one standard action per round, no full-round.
 
     A leading ``full_attack`` (already in range) becomes a single standard
-    ``attack``; charge/withdraw/full_round are dropped.
+    ``attack``; anything whose effective slot is full-round (charge,
+    withdraw, run, a full-round/one-round cast, spell_combat) is dropped.
     """
     for action in actions:
         if action.kind == "full_attack":
             return (Action(kind="attack", target_id=action.target_id),)
-        if action.kind in _FULL_ROUND_KINDS:
+        if _effective_slot(action, cast_time) == "full_round":
             continue
         return (action,)
     return ()
@@ -5837,18 +5959,20 @@ def _nauseated_filter(actions: tuple[Action, ...]) -> tuple[Action, ...]:
 # X4 general per-turn action economy (CRB, "Actions in Combat"): one standard
 # action + one move action (or one full-round action in place of both), plus
 # one swift action; free and conditional actions never consume the budget.
-# Every Action kind is classified into exactly one slot (exhaustive over the
-# Action.kind Literal, locked by tests/test_conformance_action_economy.py):
-# - standard: attack, cast_spell (the engine models no spell casting times —
-#   SpellSpec has no cast_time field, so every spell casts as a standard),
-#   maneuver, channel_energy, hex, delay, ready, total_defense, aid_another
+# A move action may also be taken INSTEAD of the standard one (conversion:
+# when the move slot is spent and the standard is free, a second move
+# consumes the standard). Every Action kind is classified into exactly one
+# slot (exhaustive over the Action.kind Literal, locked by
+# tests/test_conformance_action_economy.py):
+# - standard: attack, maneuver, channel_energy, hex, delay, ready,
+#   total_defense, aid_another; cast_spell occupies the slot its spell's
+#   CastTime maps to (_cast_time_slot) — standard by default
 # - move: move, stand_up, retrieve_weapon (drawing a weapon is a move action),
-#   repair_weapon, run (a full-round action in RAW, but this engine models it
-#   as move machinery that sets moved_this_turn and already excludes it from
-#   _FULL_ROUND_KINDS — kept consistent, see README)
+#   repair_weapon
 # - swift: swift, deed, inspire_courage (the engine's swift bonus kinds)
 # - full-round: full_attack, charge, withdraw, full_round, spell_combat
-#   (spell + full attack in one round); consumes the standard AND the move slot
+#   (spell + full attack in one round), run (4x-speed movement, PF1e
+#   full-round); consumes the standard AND the move slot
 # - free/conditional (everything else, no budget): wait, free, immediate
 #   (off-turn; it consumes the NEXT swift via immediate_used, not this turn's
 #   slots), 5foot_step (free step, mutually exclusive with other movement via
@@ -5860,13 +5984,13 @@ _ACTION_ECONOMY_STANDARD_KINDS: frozenset[str] = frozenset({
     "delay", "ready", "total_defense", "aid_another",
 })
 _ACTION_ECONOMY_MOVE_KINDS: frozenset[str] = frozenset({
-    "move", "stand_up", "retrieve_weapon", "repair_weapon", "run",
+    "move", "stand_up", "retrieve_weapon", "repair_weapon",
 })
 _ACTION_ECONOMY_SWIFT_KINDS: frozenset[str] = frozenset(
     {"swift", "deed", "inspire_courage"}
 )
 _ACTION_ECONOMY_FULL_ROUND_KINDS: frozenset[str] = frozenset({
-    "full_attack", "charge", "withdraw", "full_round", "spell_combat",
+    "full_attack", "charge", "withdraw", "full_round", "spell_combat", "run",
 })
 _ACTION_ECONOMY_FREE_KINDS: frozenset[str] = frozenset({
     "wait", "free", "immediate", "5foot_step", "drop_prone",
@@ -5889,38 +6013,51 @@ def _action_economy_slot(kind: str) -> _ActionEconomySlot:
     return "free"
 
 
-def _action_economy_filter(actions: tuple[Action, ...]) -> tuple[Action, ...]:
+def _action_economy_filter(
+    actions: tuple[Action, ...],
+    *,
+    cast_time: CastTimeResolver = _default_cast_time,
+) -> tuple[Action, ...]:
     """Degrade a policy sequence to the legal PF1e action economy.
 
     Greedy in-order walk: each action is kept while its budget slot is free
     (one standard, one move, one swift; a full-round action is only legal
     while BOTH the standard and the move slot are still free and consumes
-    them all). The kept sequence is therefore the earliest order-stable legal
-    prefix-subsequence; every skipped action is deterministic.
+    them all). A cast_spell's slot is its spell's casting time resolved by
+    ``cast_time`` (long casts are dropped by the engine BEFORE this filter —
+    _cast_time_slot raises for them). PF1e (CRB, "Actions in Combat"): a
+    move action can be taken "instead of" the standard one — when the move
+    slot is already spent and the standard slot is still free, a further
+    move action converts the standard slot (so (move, stand_up) and
+    (move, move) are legal). The kept sequence is therefore the earliest
+    order-stable legal prefix-subsequence; every skipped action is
+    deterministic.
     """
     kept: list[Action] = []
-    standard_used = False
-    move_used = False
-    swift_used = False
+    spent: dict[_ActionEconomySlot, bool] = {
+        "standard": False,
+        "move": False,
+        "swift": False,
+        "full_round": False,
+        "free": False,
+    }
     for action in actions:
-        slot = _action_economy_slot(action.kind)
-        if slot == "standard":
-            if standard_used:
+        slot = _effective_slot(action, cast_time)
+        if slot == "free":
+            kept.append(action)
             continue
-            standard_used = True
-        elif slot == "move":
-            if move_used:
+        if slot == "full_round":
+            if spent["standard"] or spent["move"]:
                 continue
-            move_used = True
-        elif slot == "swift":
-            if swift_used:
+            spent["standard"] = True
+            spent["move"] = True
+            kept.append(action)
             continue
-            swift_used = True
-        elif slot == "full_round":
-            if standard_used or move_used:
+        if slot == "move" and spent["move"]:
+            slot = "standard"  # conversion: a move action consumes the standard slot
+        if spent[slot]:
             continue
-            standard_used = True
-            move_used = True
+        spent[slot] = True
         kept.append(action)
     return tuple(kept)
 

src/pf1e_simulator/spells.py

@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ SPELLS_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent / "data" / "spells"
 
 SpellRange = Literal["personal", "touch", "close", "medium", "long"]
 SaveType = Literal["fort", "ref", "will", "none"]
+# PF1e casting times, normalized to budget codes (see combat._cast_time_slot).
+CastTime = Literal["standard", "swift", "immediate", "free", "full_round", "one_round", "long"]
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -93,6 +95,7 @@ class SpellSpec:
     range: SpellRange = "medium"
     save: SaveType = "none"
     base_dc: int = 10
+    cast_time: CastTime = "standard"
     effects: tuple[SpellEffect, ...] = ()
     description: str = ""
 
@@ -183,6 +186,38 @@ def _is_save_type(value: str) -> TypeGuard[SaveType]:
     return value in ("fort", "ref", "will", "none")
 
 
+def _is_cast_time(value: str) -> TypeGuard[CastTime]:
+    return value in get_args(CastTime)
+
+
+# RAW phrasings accepted by the JSON loader, mapped onto the budget codes.
+_CAST_TIME_ALIASES: dict[str, CastTime] = {
+    "1 round": "one_round",
+    "one round": "one_round",
+    "1 full-round action": "full_round",
+    "full-round action": "full_round",
+    "full-round": "full_round",
+    "1 minute": "long",
+    "10 minutes": "long",
+    "1 hour": "long",
+    "standard action": "standard",
+    "swift action": "swift",
+    "immediate action": "immediate",
+    "free action": "free",
+}
+
+
+def _parse_cast_time(value: str) -> CastTime:
+    """Casting time as a budget code, accepting the codes and RAW aliases."""
+    code = value.strip().lower()
+    if _is_cast_time(code):
+        return code
+    if code in _CAST_TIME_ALIASES:
+        return _CAST_TIME_ALIASES[code]
+    msg = f"unknown cast time: {value!r} (expected one of {get_args(CastTime)})"
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
 def _is_stat_target(value: str) -> TypeGuard[StatTarget]:
     return value in get_args(StatTarget)
 
@@ -260,6 +295,7 @@ def load_spell(path: str | Path) -> SpellSpec:
     if not _is_save_type(save_raw):
         msg = f"unknown save type: {save_raw!r}"
         raise ValueError(msg)
+    cast_time = _parse_cast_time(_as_str(data.get("cast_time", "standard")))
     return SpellSpec(
         name=_as_str(data["name"]),
         level=_as_int(data["level"]),
@@ -267,6 +303,7 @@ def load_spell(path: str | Path) -> SpellSpec:
         range=range_raw,
         save=save_raw,
         base_dc=_as_int(data.get("base_dc", 10)),
+        cast_time=cast_time,
         effects=effects,
         description=_as_str(data.get("description", "")),
     )

tests/test_aid_and_run.py

@@ -438,12 +438,17 @@ def test_run_and_aid_without_target_are_rejected() -> None:
     eng = _duo(policy, [10, 5], round_cap=1)
     t = eng.run().transcript
     hero = eng._states[0]
+    # run is a full-round action: it consumes the standard AND the move slot,
+    # so the budget filter drops the following aid_another as a surplus
+    # standard before it can even reach the missing-target gate.
     assert hero.last_action_results == [
+        ActionResult(
+            kind="aid_another", ok=False, reason="downgraded:action_economy"
+        ),
         ActionResult(kind="run", ok=False, reason="missing_target"),
-        ActionResult(kind="aid_another", ok=False, reason="missing_target"),
     ]
     assert "round 1 hero: run rejected (missing_target)" in t
-    assert "round 1 hero: aid_another rejected (missing_target)" in t
+    assert "round 1 hero: aid_another rejected (missing_target)" not in t
     assert hero.pos == (0, 0)
     assert hero.running is False
 

tests/test_conformance_action_economy.py

@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ turns are legal by construction — verified here so the goldens stay frozen.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import Literal
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal
+
+import pytest
 
 from pf1e_simulator.combat import (
     _ACTION_ECONOMY_FREE_KINDS,
@@ -23,10 +25,12 @@ from pf1e_simulator.combat import (
     _ACTION_ECONOMY_SWIFT_KINDS,
     ACTION_RESULT_REASONS,
     Action,
+    CastTimeResolver,
     CombatantState,
     CombatEngine,
     _action_economy_filter,
     _action_economy_slot,
+    _cast_time_slot,
     _dropped_kinds,
     _dropped_kinds_multiset,
     default_policy,
@@ -37,6 +41,9 @@ from pf1e_simulator.rng import ScriptedRng
 from tests.test_combat import make_combatant, make_state
 from tests.test_observation_enriched import make_grid
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pf1e_simulator.spells import CastTime
+
 PolicyFn = Callable[[CombatEngine, CombatantState], tuple[Action, ...]]
 
 _Kind = Literal[
@@ -92,9 +99,8 @@ def test_slot_per_kind_matches_pf1e_action_type() -> None:
         # move actions
         "move": "move", "stand_up": "move", "retrieve_weapon": "move",
         "repair_weapon": "move",
-        # run: RAW full-round, but the engine models it as move machinery
-        # (sets moved_this_turn, excluded from _FULL_ROUND_KINDS) — consistent.
-        "run": "move",
+        # run: PF1e full-round action (4x speed); consumes standard + move.
+        "run": "full_round",
         # swift actions
         "swift": "swift", "deed": "swift", "inspire_courage": "swift",
         # full-round actions
@@ -113,6 +119,7 @@ def test_slot_per_kind_matches_pf1e_action_type() -> None:
 
 def test_downgrade_reason_is_in_the_result_vocabulary() -> None:
     assert "downgraded:action_economy" in ACTION_RESULT_REASONS
+    assert "downgraded:cast_time" in ACTION_RESULT_REASONS
 
 
 # ── (b) legal sequences pass through untouched ───────────────────────────────
@@ -145,14 +152,80 @@ def test_legal_sequences_are_kept_unchanged() -> None:
 
 
 def test_two_moves_conflict_but_free_steps_do_not() -> None:
-    # stand_up is a move action: a second move is surplus.
+    # PF1e conversion: a move action taken while the move slot is spent
+    # consumes the standard slot instead — two moves are legal, so
+    # (move, stand_up) is kept whole.
     actions = (_foe("move"), _foe("stand_up"))
-    assert _action_economy_filter(actions) == (_foe("move"),)
+    assert _action_economy_filter(actions) == actions
+    moves = (_foe("move"), _foe("move"))
+    assert _action_economy_filter(moves) == moves
+    # The third move has neither slot left: standard and move both spent.
+    assert _action_economy_filter((*moves, _foe("attack"))) == moves
+    assert _action_economy_filter((*moves, _foe("full_attack"))) == moves
+    # run is full-round: it cannot follow a move (both slots needed upfront).
+    assert _action_economy_filter((_foe("move"), _foe("run"))) == (_foe("move"),)
+    assert _action_economy_filter((_foe("run"), _foe("move"))) == (_foe("run"),)
     # 5foot_step is free: two steps do not consume the move slot.
     steps = (_foe("5foot_step"), _foe("5foot_step"))
     assert _action_economy_filter(steps) == steps
 
 
+# ── (b2) cast time resolves the cast_spell slot ──────────────────────────────
+
+
+def _cast(spell_name: str) -> Action:
+    return Action(kind="cast_spell", target_id="foe", spell_name=spell_name)
+
+
+def _resolver(times: dict[str, CastTime]) -> CastTimeResolver:
+    """Resolver mapping spell names to casting times; unknown -> standard."""
+    return lambda a: times.get(a.spell_name or "", "standard")
+
+
+def test_cast_time_slot_mapping_is_total_and_rejects_long() -> None:
+    assert _cast_time_slot("standard") == "standard"
+    assert _cast_time_slot("swift") == "swift"
+    assert _cast_time_slot("immediate") == "free"
+    assert _cast_time_slot("free") == "free"
+    assert _cast_time_slot("full_round") == "full_round"
+    # one_round is clamped to the full-round slot (documented approximation).
+    assert _cast_time_slot("one_round") == "full_round"
+    # long is pre-filtered by the engine; a direct call is a programming error.
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="long casting time"):
+        _cast_time_slot("long")
+
+
+def test_swift_cast_competes_with_the_swift_bonus() -> None:
+    cast = _cast("swift_bolt")
+    deed = _foe("deed")
+    times = {"swift_bolt": "swift"}
+    assert _action_economy_filter((cast, deed), cast_time=_resolver(times)) == (cast,)
+    assert _action_economy_filter((deed, cast), cast_time=_resolver(times)) == (deed,)
+
+
+def test_full_round_cast_consumes_standard_and_move() -> None:
+    times = {"big_ritual": "full_round", "summon": "one_round"}
+    cast = _cast("big_ritual")
+    assert _action_economy_filter((_foe("attack"), cast), cast_time=_resolver(times)) == (
+        _foe("attack"),
+    )
+    assert _action_economy_filter((cast, _foe("move")), cast_time=_resolver(times)) == (cast,)
+    # A lone one-round cast is legal (clamped to the full-round slot).
+    summon = _cast("summon")
+    assert _action_economy_filter((summon,), cast_time=_resolver(times)) == (summon,)
+
+
+def test_immediate_and_free_casts_are_budget_free() -> None:
+    times = {"quick": "immediate", "cantrip": "free"}
+    resolver = _resolver(times)
+    seq = (_cast("quick"), _foe("attack"), _foe("attack"), _cast("cantrip"))
+    assert _action_economy_filter(seq, cast_time=resolver) == (
+        _cast("quick"),
+        _foe("attack"),
+        _cast("cantrip"),
+    )
+
+
 # ── (c) illegal sequences degrade to the earliest legal prefix ───────────────
 
 

tests/test_conformance_cast_time.py

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+"""Conformance: spell casting times in the engine's turn pipeline.
+
+The engine binds its registry-backed resolver (``CombatEngine._cast_time_of``)
+into the budget filters: a cast_spell occupies the slot its spell's casting
+time maps to (_cast_time_slot). A long casting time (1+ minutes) cannot be
+scheduled within a turn, so it is dropped BEFORE the budget filter with the
+distinct reason ``downgraded:cast_time``. A one-round cast is CLAMPED to the
+full-round slot (documented approximation: it resolves within the turn
+instead of spanning rounds). Swift casts compete with the swift bonus (and
+are removed by a consumed swift); full-round casts are illegal for a
+staggered creature, and run is illegal for a nauseated one.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pf1e_simulator.combat import Action, CombatantState, CombatEngine
+from pf1e_simulator.conditions import CONDITIONS_BY_NAME
+from pf1e_simulator.effects import ActiveCondition
+from pf1e_simulator.rng import ScriptedRng
+from pf1e_simulator.spells import SpellSpec
+from tests.test_combat import make_combatant, make_state
+from tests.test_observation_enriched import make_grid
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pf1e_simulator.spells import CastTime
+
+PolicyFn = Callable[[CombatEngine, CombatantState], tuple[Action, ...]]
+
+_WAIT: tuple[Action, ...] = (Action(kind="wait"),)
+
+
+def _spell(name: str, cast_time: CastTime) -> SpellSpec:
+    return SpellSpec(name=name, level=1, school="evocation", cast_time=cast_time)
+
+
+def _duel(
+    policy: PolicyFn,
+    rng: list[int],
+    registry: dict[str, SpellSpec],
+    round_cap: int = 1,
+) -> CombatEngine:
+    hero = make_state(
+        make_combatant("hero", hp=100, initiative_mod=2), "players", (0, 0)
+    )
+    foe = make_state(make_combatant("foe", hp=100), "monsters", (0, 1))
+    return CombatEngine(
+        ScriptedRng(rng), make_grid(), [hero, foe],
+        policy=policy, round_cap=round_cap, spell_registry=registry,
+    )
+
+
+def _take_hero_turn(eng: CombatEngine) -> list[tuple[str, bool, str]]:
+    hero = eng._states[0]
+    eng._roll_initiative()
+    eng._take_turn(hero)
+    return [(r.kind, r.ok, r.reason) for r in hero.last_action_results]
+
+
+def _add_condition(state: CombatantState, name: str) -> None:
+    state.active_conditions.append(
+        ActiveCondition(
+            condition=CONDITIONS_BY_NAME[name], rounds_left=5, source="test"
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _cast(spell_name: str) -> Action:
+    return Action(kind="cast_spell", target_id="foe", spell_name=spell_name)
+
+
+def _policy(actions: tuple[Action, ...]) -> PolicyFn:
+    def policy(_e: CombatEngine, s: CombatantState) -> tuple[Action, ...]:
+        return actions if s.combatant.id == "hero" else _WAIT
+
+    return policy
+
+
+def test_long_cast_is_dropped_with_its_own_reason() -> None:
+    # Given: a spell whose casting time is long (1+ minutes)
+    # When: the policy proposes it as the turn's only action
+    # Then: it never reaches the budget filter; the drop is downgraded:cast_time.
+    eng = _duel(_policy((_cast("Ceremony"),)), [10, 5], {"Ceremony": _spell("Ceremony", "long")})
+    assert _take_hero_turn(eng) == [
+        ("cast_spell", False, "downgraded:cast_time")
+    ]
+
+
+def test_one_round_cast_consumes_the_whole_turn() -> None:
+    # Given: a one-round cast (clamped to the full-round slot)
+    # When: a move action follows it in the sequence
+    # Then: the full-round cast spent standard+move; the move is surplus.
+    eng = _duel(
+        _policy((_cast("Summon"), Action(kind="move", target_id="foe"))),
+        [10, 5],
+        {"Summon": _spell("Summon", "one_round")},
+    )
+    # The hero has no slots: the cast itself is rejected at execution (no_slot)
+    # but it still consumed the turn — only the move is budget-dropped.
+    assert _take_hero_turn(eng) == [
+        ("move", False, "downgraded:action_economy"),
+        ("cast_spell", False, "no_slot"),
+    ]
+
+
+def test_staggered_caster_cannot_run() -> None:
+    # Given: a disabled (staggered) caster; When: it proposes run (full-round)
+    # Then: the staggered filter drops it.
+    eng = _duel(_policy((Action(kind="run", destination=(3, 3)),)), [10, 5], {})
+    eng._states[0].hp = 0
+    assert _take_hero_turn(eng) == [("run", False, "downgraded:staggered")]
+
+
+def test_staggered_caster_cannot_spell_combat() -> None:
+    # spell_combat occupies the full-round slot: illegal while staggered.
+    eng = _duel(_policy((Action(kind="spell_combat", target_id="foe"),)), [10, 5], {})
+    eng._states[0].hp = 0
+    assert _take_hero_turn(eng) == [
+        ("spell_combat", False, "downgraded:staggered")
+    ]
+
+
+def test_nauseated_caster_cannot_run() -> None:
+    # PF1e: a nauseated creature may take a single MOVE action; run is
+    # full-round, so the nauseated filter drops it.
+    eng = _duel(_policy((Action(kind="run", destination=(3, 3)),)), [10, 5], {})
+    _add_condition(eng._states[0], "nauseated")
+    assert _take_hero_turn(eng) == [("run", False, "downgraded:nauseated")]
+
+
+def test_swift_cast_is_dropped_after_immediate_used() -> None:
+    # Given: the combatant's next swift was consumed by an immediate action
+    # When: the policy proposes a swift-action cast plus a standard attack
+    # Then: the swift cast is removed (downgraded:immediate_swift), attack runs.
+    eng = _duel(
+        _policy((_cast("Quick Bolt"), Action(kind="attack", target_id="foe"))),
+        [10, 5, 8, 3],
+        {"Quick Bolt": _spell("Quick Bolt", "swift")},
+    )
+    eng._states[0].immediate_used = True
+    reasons = _take_hero_turn(eng)
+    assert ("cast_spell", False, "downgraded:immediate_swift") in reasons
+    assert ("attack", True, "ok") in reasons

tests/test_observation_enriched.py

@@ -532,6 +532,7 @@ def test_observation_enriched_spells_unknown_graceful() -> None:
             "half_on_save": False,
             "save_negates": False,
             "area": None,
+            "cast_time": "standard",
         },
     )
 

tests/test_spell_area_snapshot.py

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def test_area_snapshot_existing_keys_unchanged() -> None:
     """Given: a known Fireball snapshot dict
     When: all keys and values are checked
     Then: the nine pre-U7a keys are present with unchanged values, and the
-    exact key set is the old nine plus the additive "area"."""
+    exact key set is the old nine plus the additive "area" and "cast_time"."""
     s = _spell_dict_for(_FIREBALL, "Fireball")
     assert s["name"] == "Fireball"
     assert s["level"] == 3
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ def test_area_snapshot_existing_keys_unchanged() -> None:
     assert s["summary"] == "area 20ft"
     assert s["half_on_save"] is True
     assert s["save_negates"] is False
+    assert s["cast_time"] == "standard"
     assert set(s.keys()) == {
         "name",
         "level",
@@ -151,6 +152,7 @@ def test_area_snapshot_existing_keys_unchanged() -> None:
         "half_on_save",
         "save_negates",
         "area",
+        "cast_time",
     }
 
 

tests/test_spells.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import pytest
+
 from pf1e_simulator.combat import Action, CombatantState, CombatEngine, _choose_spell_action
 from pf1e_simulator.dice import parse_dice
 from pf1e_simulator.grid import Grid
@@ -181,6 +183,50 @@ class TestSpellLoading:
         assert isinstance(eff, BuffEffect)
         assert len(eff.modifiers) == 2
 
+    def test_summon_monster_casts_for_one_round(self) -> None:
+        # PF1e: Summon Monster I/II have a 1-round casting time.
+        for name in ("summon_monster_i", "summon_monster_ii"):
+            assert load_spell(_SPELLS_DIR / f"{name}.json").cast_time == "one_round"
+
+
+class TestSpellCastTime:
+    """Given: SpellSpec and the JSON loader casting-time field
+    When: specs are built or spell JSON parsed
+    Then: the default is "standard", RAW phrasings map onto budget codes,
+    and unknown values are rejected."""
+
+    def test_spec_defaults_to_standard(self) -> None:
+        spell = SpellSpec(name="X", level=1, school="evocation")
+        assert spell.cast_time == "standard"
+
+    def _load(self, tmp_path: Path, cast_time: str) -> SpellSpec:
+        spell_file = tmp_path / "test_spell.json"
+        spell_file.write_text(
+            '{"name": "Test Bolt", "level": 1, "school": "evocation",'
+            f' "range": "medium", "save": "ref", "cast_time": "{cast_time}",'
+            ' "effects": []}'
+        )
+        return load_spell(spell_file)
+
+    def test_loader_parses_raw_aliases(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        cases = {
+            "1 round": "one_round",
+            "1 minute": "long",
+            "full-round": "full_round",
+            "swift action": "swift",
+        }
+        for raw, code in cases.items():
+            assert self._load(tmp_path, raw).cast_time == code, raw
+
+    def test_loader_accepts_code_values(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        for code in ("standard", "swift", "immediate", "free", "full_round",
+                     "one_round", "long"):
+            assert self._load(tmp_path, code).cast_time == code, code
+
+    def test_loader_rejects_unknown(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="unknown cast time"):
+            self._load(tmp_path, "2 hours")
+
 
 class TestSpellRangeFt:
     """Given: a spell with a range category